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The solution is strings, tiny bits of energy vibrating like the. But it comes. at a price: parallel universes and 1. BRIAN GREENE: We really may live in a universe with more dimensions than. AMANDA PEET (University of Toronto): People who have said that. NARRATOR: A mirage of science and mathematics or the ultimate. S. String theory goes through a. MICHAEL DUFF (University of Michigan): Five different string. BRIAN GREENE: .. and reveals the new shape of things to come. SAVAS DIMOPOULOS (Stanford University): Perhaps we live on a. BRIAN GREENE: Our universe might be like a slice of bread. BRIAN GREENE: We're trapped on just a tiny slice of the higher. ALAN GUTH (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): That's. NARRATOR: Watch the Elegant Universe right now. At Microsoft, your potential inspires. Your potential, our. Sprint is proud to support NOVA. Sloan. Foundation, to enhance public understanding of science and technology. Smith Fund, and the U. S. Department of Energy. Thank you. BRIAN GREENE: Imagine that we were able to control space or control. The kinds of things that we'd be able to do would be amazing. I might be. able to go from here.. But in the last few years, our ideas about the true nature of space and. And things that used to seem like. GREEN (University of Cambridge): This is an area of. BRIAN GREENE: This radical new theory starts with a simple premise: that. Earth, these buildings, even forces like. Imagine. that the whole universe consisted of nothing more than my hometown, Manhattan. And because time is money, I need to find the. Manhattan to my offices in. Manhattan. By going. But because nothing can go. But when Albert Einstein looked at. He said that space. In this kind of universe, my commute would be a New. Yorker's dream. But can the fabric of space really rip? Can this first. step toward forming a wormhole actually happen? Well, you can't answer these. You might think that it would. But. there's a precise sense in which the shape of the doughnut and the coffee cup. You see, they both have one. In the doughnut it's in the middle and in the coffee cup it's in the. That means we can change the doughnut into the shape of a coffee cup. The only way to do that is to tear the. They say that. space can stretch and warp, but it cannot rip. Wormholes might exist somewhere. Manhattan. or anywhere else. In other words, I can't take a wormhole to work. To see how, let's take a much. It's the world of light and electricity and everything else that. Here, the fabric of space is random and. Rips and tears might be commonplace. But if they were, what would stop. Strings calm the chaos. And. as a single string dances through space, it sweeps out a tube. The tube can act. Strings actually make it possible for space to rip. So does that mean that wormholes are possible? Will I ever be. able to take a stroll on Everest, grab a baguette in Paris and still make it. New York in time for my morning meeting? For example. string theory says we're surrounded by hidden dimensions, mysterious places. AMANDA PEET: People who've said that there were extra dimensions of. I. mean, what, do you think there are extra dimensions? Well, string theory really. BRIAN GREENE: What we think of as our universe could just be one small. SAVAS DIMOPOULOS: Perhaps we live on a membrane, a three- dimensional. BRIAN GREENE: There could be entire worlds right next to us, but. NIMA ARKANI- HAMED (Harvard University): These other worlds would. This isn't a particularly. BRIAN GREENE: No wonder physics students are lining up to explore the. SHELDON LEE GLASHOW: String theory is very active. Most of the young kids, given the choice. BRIAN GREENE: But strings weren't always this popular. The pioneers of. string theory struggled for years, working alone on an idea that nobody else. Here's the gist of it: for decades, physicists believed that the. Flying around the outside. But string theory says that what we thought were indivisible particles. BURT OVRUT (University of Pennsylvania): It's nothing really. It's a really tiny string. It either closes in to its little circle. BRIAN GREENE: In the 1. MICHAEL B. GREEN: Well, the fact that suddenly all these other people. It was. wonderful to see how rapidly the subject could develop now, because so many. BRIAN GREENE: One of the great attractions of strings is their. Just as the strings on a cello can vibrate at different. If this view is right, then put them all. If. we could only master the rhythms of strings, then we'd stand a good chance of. This is the potential of. Because we didn't produce just one string theory, or even two—we somehow. MICHAEL DUFF (University of Michigan): Five different string. Theory of Everything. BURT OVRUT: And if there's going to be a . And maybe one of these will end up being the right. The five theories had many things in common. For. example, they all involved vibrating strings, but their mathematical details. Frankly, it was embarrassing. How could this. unified Theory of Everything come in five different flavors? But then something remarkable. He's widely regarded as one of the world's. Einstein's successor. MICHAEL B. GREEN: Ed Witten is a very special person in the field. He. clearly has a grasp, particularly of the underlying mathematical principles. JOSEPH POLCHINSKI (University of California, Santa Barbara). Well, you know, we all think we're very smart; he's so much smarter than the. BRIAN GREENE: In 1. University of Southern California for their annual conference. Ed Witten. showed up at Strings 9. EDWARD WITTEN (Institute for Advanced Study): I was really trying. And actually. since five string theories was too many, I thought I would try to get rid of. BRIAN GREENE: To solve the problem, Witten constructed a spectacular new. JOSEPH POLCHINSKI: Ed announced that he had thought about it, and. He was going to tell us the solution to every. Ed it was not so surprising. BRIAN GREENE: The atmosphere was electric because, all of a sudden. LEONARD SUSSKIND (Stanford University): Ed Witten gave his famous. And he said a couple of words that got me interested.. I got hooked up on the first few words that he said, and. NATHAN SEIBERG (Institute for Advanced Study): I remember I had. I was kind of embarrassed to. JOSEPH LYKKEN: Ed Witten just blew everybody away. BRIAN GREENE: Ed Witten blew everybody away because he provided a. From this point of view, we could. Like reflections in a. String theory was unified at. JAMES GATES, JR.: Aah, what is the M for? BURT OVRUT: M- theory. STEVEN WEINBERG (University of Texas at Austin): M- theory. DAVID GROSS: M- theory. JOSEPH LYKKEN: M- theory. GARY HOROWITZ (Institute for Advanced Study): The M- theory. STEVEN WEINBERG: M- theory is a theory.. BURT OVRUT: I don't actually know what the M stands for. STEVEN WEINBERG: Well, the M has.. BURT OVRUT: I've heard many descriptions. STEVEN WEINBERG: Mystery theory, magic theory.. JOSEPH LYKKEN: It's the Mother theory. STEVEN WEINBERG: Matrix theory. LEONARD SUSSKIND: Monstrous theory? I don't know what it.. I don't know. what Ed meant. EDWARD WITTEN: M stands for magic, mystery or matrix, according to. SHELDON LEE GLASHOW: I suspect that the . Maybe I shouldn't have told you that one. BRIAN GREENE: Whatever the name, it was a bombshell. Suddenly everything. JOSEPH LYKKEN: There was a lot of panic, if you like, realizing that big. BRIAN GREENE: After Witten's talk, there was renewed hope that this one. But there was. also a price to pay. Strings need to move in more than. And that was a shock to everybody, but then we learned to. BRIAN GREENE: But M- theory would go even further, demanding yet another. BURT OVRUT: We know that there would have to be 1. So there must be 1. We only see three plus. How is that possible? BRIAN GREENE: For most of us, it's virtually impossible to picture the. I can't. And it's not surprising. Our brains evolved. So how can we. get a feel for them? That is, anywhere I go, I can move left- right. MOVIE SCREEN BRIAN (on screen): But in the movies, things are a bit. Even though the characters on a movie screen look three- dimensional. There is no back- forth on a. And sometimes moving into a higher dimension can be a useful thing to. MOVIE SCREEN BRIAN GREENE (in theater): So dimensions all have to do. They're sometimes called. A brane could. be three- dimensional or even more. And with enough energy, a brane could grow. I mean now. there are not only strings, there are membranes. People go on calling this. BRIAN GREENE: The existence of giant membranes and extra dimensions. Our universe might. Some of them could resemble our universe, they might have matter and. They might be ruled by completely. Now, all of these other universes would exist within. M- theory, dimensions that are all around us. Some even. say they might be right next to us, less than a millimeter away. It might as well be on the other end. JOSEPH LYKKEN: It's a very powerful idea because if it's right it means. BRIAN GREENE: It is a powerful idea, especially because it may help. It has to do with gravity. It's very hard to get up in the morning. But the. fact of the matter is that it's not strong. It's, it's really a very weak. BRIAN GREENE: Gravity pulls us down to the Earth, and keeps our Earth in. But in fact, we overcome the force of gravity all the. Even with the gravity of the entire Earth pulling. Magnets can do it. Magnets carry a different force, the electromagnetic force. It turns out that. The electromagnetic force. That's a. one with 3. But now, with. the radical world of string theory, filled with membranes and extra dimensions. NIMA ARKANI- HAMED: One way of approaching the question of why gravity is. Compared to all the. Think. of the surface of the pool table as representing our three- dimensional. BRIAN GREENE: So here's the wild idea: the atoms and particles that make. That's why I can hear the collision. Now, the idea is that. It might be able to seep off our part of the universe. Instead of pool tables, let's go back to bread. And that you and me, and.
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